{"id":4771,"date":"2026-05-16T08:50:32","date_gmt":"2026-05-16T08:50:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vnsfemaleassociation.org\/?p=4771"},"modified":"2026-05-16T08:50:50","modified_gmt":"2026-05-16T08:50:50","slug":"phong-trao-suffragette-giai-phong-hay-loai-tru","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vnsfemaleassociation.org\/en\/phong-trao-suffragette-giai-phong-hay-loai-tru\/","title":{"rendered":"PHONG TR\u00c0O SUFFRAGETTE: GI\u1ea2I PH\u00d3NG HAY LO\u1ea0I TR\u1eea?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Phong tr\u00e0o Suffragette \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. Nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu\u1ea7n h\u00e0nh, nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m bi\u1ec3u ng\u1eef \u201cVotes for Women\u201d \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i. <\/em>Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, \u00edt ai h\u1ecfi: cu\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 d\u00e0nh cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef? Li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1eb1ng sau \u00e1nh h\u00e0o quang \u1ea5y, c\u00f3 c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn b\u1ecb b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i ph\u00eda sau?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2160. B\u1ed0I C\u1ea2NH L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec V\u00c0 KHO\u1ea2NG TR\u1ed0NG TRONG PHONG TR\u00c0O V\u00cc PH\u1ee4 N\u1eee<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i trong ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u2013<\/em> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f4ng \u2013 phong tr\u00e0o Suffragettes ra \u0111\u1eddi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Phong tr\u00e0o t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t: quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. T\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea5u tranh lan r\u1ed9ng sang M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00edch m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o c\u1ed5ng t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i, tu\u1ea7n h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3u ng\u1eef \u201cVotes for Women\u201d. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng Emmeline Pankhurst, nh\u1eefng \u201cqu\u00fd c\u00f4\u201d \u0111\u00e1ng k\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 hy sinh v\u00ec quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i m\u00ecnh.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i v\u00e0o ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ghi nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u m\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o Suffragette \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: New Zealand l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trao quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef (1893); ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef M\u1ef9 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y v\u1edbi Tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n 19 (1920); ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Anh l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed n\u0103m 1918 (d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef tr\u00ean 30 tu\u1ed5i c\u00f3 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n) v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng n\u0103m 1928. Nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c \u1ea5y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn [1].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u01b0ng li\u1ec7u phong tr\u00e0o v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef? Nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Kate Clarke Lemay t\u1eebng b\u1ed9c b\u1ea1ch: \u201cT\u00f4i lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng b\u1ee9c b\u1ed1i khi trong c\u00e1c l\u1edbp l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u00ednh kh\u00f3a, ch\u1ec9 hai c\u00e1i t\u00ean: Susan B. Anthony v\u00e0 Elizabeth Cady Stanton, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n duy nh\u1ea5t. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean b\u1ecb g\u1ea1t ra b\u00ean l\u1ec1 v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong c\u00e1c t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng\u201d [2]. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0: li\u1ec7u bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n \u2013<\/em> phong tr\u00e0o Suffragette \u2013<\/em> c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, hay ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef da tr\u1eafng, trung l\u01b0u, c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c? C\u00f2n nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef da m\u00e0u, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 \u00e1p b\u1ee9c nh\u1ea5t, h\u1ecd \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u trong b\u1ee9c tranh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u1ea5y?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2161. S\u1ef0 LO\u1ea0I TR\u1eea NH\u1eeeNG NH\u00d3M PH\u1ee4 N\u1eee Y\u1ebeU TH\u1ebe<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ngay t\u1eeb trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o phong tr\u00e0o. Susan B. Anthony t\u1eebng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1: \u201cT\u00f4i th\u00e0 ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ee9t c\u00e1nh tay ph\u1ea3i n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00f2n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh hay \u0111\u00f2i quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef\u201d [3]. C\u00e2u n\u00f3i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 cho th\u1ea5y Anthony \u0111\u1eb7t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef da tr\u1eafng l\u00ean tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng da \u0111en, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n: gi\u1eefa hai nh\u00f3m \u201cph\u1ee5 n\u1eef da tr\u1eafng\u201d v\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng da \u0111en\u201d, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef da m\u00e0u ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. V\u1edbi b\u00e0, \u201cph\u1ee5 n\u1eef\u201d m\u1eb7c nhi\u00ean ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef da tr\u1eafng. H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef da m\u00e0u, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 tham gia, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u201cg\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n\u201d ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 qua c\u00e1ch ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef da m\u00e0u b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed ngay trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 phong tr\u00e0o. N\u0103m 1913, t\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c di\u1ec5u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f2i quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u1edf Washington D.C., ban t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef da m\u00e0u ph\u1ea3i \u0111i \u1edf ph\u00eda sau, t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t kh\u1ecfi h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef da tr\u1eafng. Ida B. Wells, nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng da \u0111en n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i v\u00e0 ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc [3]. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt: ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef da m\u00e0u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u201cv\u0103n minh\u201d m\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o mu\u1ed1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng b\u1ecb g\u1ea1t ra r\u00eca l\u00e0 Sojourner Truth. N\u0103m 1851, t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u1edf Ohio, b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: \u201cT\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef sao?\u201d (\u201cAin’t I a Woman?\u201d). C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u1ea5y ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u h\u1ea1n h\u1eb9p v\u1ec1 \u201cph\u1ee5 n\u1eef\u201d trong phong tr\u00e0o n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd: n\u1ebfu ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng niu, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef da \u0111en l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c lao l\u1ef1c ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3ng, ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u00f2n roi, ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn con m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb b\u00e1n \u0111i, li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef hay kh\u00f4ng? [4]. D\u00f9 b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u201cl\u00e0m cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n g\u00f3i g\u1ecdn trong ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trung l\u01b0u da tr\u1eafng n\u1eefa\u201d, Sojourner Truth v\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i b\u00ean l\u1ec1, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao v\u1ecb tr\u00ed x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng trong phong tr\u00e0o ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef da m\u00e0u, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng ch\u1ecbu chung s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb, d\u00f9 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng hy sinh nh\u1ea5t. Annie Kenney \u2013 m\u1ed9t n\u1eef c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u2013 sau tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c tham gia \u0111\u1ea5u tranh. B\u00e0 k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u1edf khu \u1ed5 chu\u1ed9t London, v\u1edbi khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t \u201ch\u1ed1c h\u00e1c, xanh xao, \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn\u201d, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean [5]. C\u00f3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u201cpit brow girls\u201d (n\u1eef c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n h\u1ea7m m\u1ecf) v\u00e0 \u201ctin plate workers\u201d (c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n t\u00f4n) s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng hy sinh b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nguy hi\u1ec3m [1]. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 \u00edt quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m nh\u1ea5t. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec1u \u00e1p b\u1ee9c nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd b\u00e0 Lady Constance Lytton \u0111\u00e3 ph\u01a1i b\u00e0y s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t giai c\u1ea5p trong c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. N\u0103m 1909, Lytton b\u1ecb b\u1eaft nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 do s\u1edbm v\u00ec c\u00e1c l\u00ednh canh s\u1ee3 khi b\u00e0 ch\u1ebft trong t\u00f9 s\u1ebd g\u00e2y ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn. Sau \u0111\u00f3, b\u00e0 c\u1ea3i trang th\u00e0nh \u201cJane Warton\u201d \u2013 m\u1ed9t n\u1eef th\u1ee3 may v\u00f4 danh \u2013 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c tham gia bi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh v\u00e0 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft. L\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng ai nh\u1eadn ra b\u00e0. B\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u00e9p \u0103n t\u00e1m l\u1ea7n, m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tra t\u1ea5n d\u00e3 man, \u0111\u01b0a \u1ed1ng qua m\u0169i ho\u1eb7c mi\u1ec7ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5 th\u1ee9c \u0103n v\u00e0o d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y. S\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u1ed1n y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan t\u00e2m [6]. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Lytton \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch tr\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1i c\u00e3i: c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef lao \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, trong khi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u01a1ng tay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 di\u1ec5n ra trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea5u tranh, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i c\u1ea3 sau khi phong tr\u00e0o gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i. \u1ede M\u1ef9, Tu ch\u00ednh \u00e1n 19 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua n\u0103m 1920, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef da m\u00e0u \u1edf c\u00e1c bang mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu do c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt Jim Crow nh\u01b0 thu\u1ebf th\u00e2n v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 [7]. Ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn 45 n\u0103m sau \u2013 \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ra \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1965, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef da m\u00e0u m\u1edbi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5m phi\u1ebfu b\u1ea7u trong tay. \u1ede Anh, \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt 1918 ch\u1ec9 trao quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef tr\u00ean 30 tu\u1ed5i c\u00f3 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1928 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. Nh\u01b0 Annie Kenney vi\u1ebft trong h\u1ed3i k\u00fd, phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 \u201cthay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n\u201d cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi b\u00e0, nh\u01b0ng b\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 v\u1eabn b\u1ecb b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i ph\u00eda sau [1].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ea1i sao m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef y\u1ebfu th\u1ebf nh\u1ea5t? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi n\u1eb1m \u1edf chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. H\u1ecd lo ng\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef da m\u00e0u v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u201cpha lo\u00e3ng\u201d v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau [8]. V\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u201cx\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef da tr\u1eafng, trung l\u01b0u, c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c, \u0103n m\u1eb7c l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1 [9] [10]. Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ng\u1ea7m: ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c n\u00e0y m\u1edbi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao quy\u1ec1n. Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef da m\u00e0u b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 k\u00e9m v\u0103n minh, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef lao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 th\u00f4 k\u1ec7ch \u2013 c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u201cchu\u1ea9n\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2162. G\u00d3C NH\u00ccN T\u1eea THUY\u1ebeT GIAO THOA<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1eady n\u1ebfu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef da \u0111en, ngh\u00e8o, s\u1ed1ng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1920, b\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o? B\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ecbu b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00ec gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u00ec ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p. Ba \u00e1p b\u1ee9c n\u00e0y ch\u1ed3ng l\u00ean nhau, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n k\u00e9p (double bind) \u2013 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m m\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef da tr\u1eafng (ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng v\u00ec gi\u1edbi) hay \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng da \u0111en (ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng v\u00ec ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c) \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u h\u1ebft. Phong tr\u00e0o Suffragette, khi ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5c \u00e1p b\u1ee9c duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf qua hai tr\u1ee5c \u00e1p b\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cho m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef (da tr\u1eafng, trung l\u01b0u) nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m y\u1ebfu th\u1ebf h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm? Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1866, \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1: \u201cT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi nhau trong m\u1ed9t b\u00f3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u1edbn, v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1p l\u00ean nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean y\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u1ea5y l\u1eddi nguy\u1ec1n trong ch\u00ednh t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n m\u00ecnh\u201d [8]. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 duy giao thoa, h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y ra \u0111\u1eddi. C\u00e2u n\u00f3i \u1ea5y nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 b\u1ecf m\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2163. L\u1edcI K\u1ebeT<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Phong tr\u00e0o Suffragette, v\u00ec th\u1ebf, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trang s\u1eed h\u00e0o h\u00f9ng nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea7y m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn. H\u00e0o h\u00f9ng v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. M\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u00ec quy\u1ec1n \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef da tr\u1eafng, trung l\u01b0u, c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c, trong khi nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef da m\u00e0u b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p b\u1edfi lu\u1eadt Jim Crow, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef lao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ecb tra t\u1ea5n trong nh\u00e0 t\u00f9 r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ecfi \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt 1918. B\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u00fang s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u201c\u0111\u1ee7 chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c\u201d. Khi m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh m\u00e0 b\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng. Nh\u01b0 Frances Ellen Watkins Harper \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi nhau. M\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 r\u01b0\u1ee1i sau, c\u00e2u n\u00f3i \u1ea5y v\u1eabn l\u00e0 l\u1eddi nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf r\u1eb1ng: gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a khi kh\u00f4ng ai b\u1ecb b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i ph\u00eda sau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reference materials:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. Sylvia Pankhurst: Artist and Suffragette (UK Parliament, 2017)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Author Says Mainstream Feminist Movement Has A Problem (WDET, 2021)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. Response 6 (Student Historian, 2021)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n ti\u00ean phong \u2013 H\u1ecd l\u00e0 ai? SOJOURNER TRUTH (1797-1883) (VGEM Vietnam)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  5. British suffragette was the 1st to go to jail. Now, a letter to her sister has been found in B.C. (CBC Radio, 2018)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  6. Lady Constance Bulwer-Lytton\u201d (Wikipedia, 2026)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  7. Jim Crow (Black, 2018)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  8. How the Suffrage Movement Betrayed Black Women (Staples, 2018)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  9. This is not a boring history of nagging spinsters (Bennett and Chambers, 2020)\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  10. How Social Change Is Made (Neuman, 2018)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    \u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: Nguy\u1ec5n Minh Nguy\u1ec7t<\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Phong tr\u00e0o Suffragette \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. Nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu\u1ea7n h\u00e0nh, nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m bi\u1ec3u ng\u1eef \u201cVotes for Women\u201d \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, \u00edt ai h\u1ecfi: cu\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 d\u00e0nh […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":4774,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[46,73],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4771","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-women-and-history-en","category-women-history-vfsa"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vnsfemaleassociation.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4771","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vnsfemaleassociation.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vnsfemaleassociation.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vnsfemaleassociation.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vnsfemaleassociation.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4771"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/vnsfemaleassociation.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4771\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4775,"href":"https:\/\/vnsfemaleassociation.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4771\/revisions\/4775"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vnsfemaleassociation.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4774"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vnsfemaleassociation.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4771"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vnsfemaleassociation.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4771"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vnsfemaleassociation.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4771"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}