{"id":4835,"date":"2026-06-03T16:41:19","date_gmt":"2026-06-03T16:41:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vnsfemaleassociation.org\/?p=4835"},"modified":"2026-06-03T16:41:19","modified_gmt":"2026-06-03T16:41:19","slug":"khi-su-hi-sinh-la-nghia-vu-dao-duc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vnsfemaleassociation.org\/en\/khi-su-hi-sinh-la-nghia-vu-dao-duc\/","title":{"rendered":"KHI S\u1ef0 HI SINH L\u00c0 NGH\u0128A V\u1ee4 \u0110\u1ea0O \u0110\u1ee8C"},"content":{"rendered":"

Trong t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eed t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ee9c hy sinh h\u1eb3n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00f4i \u0111\u1eadm v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 trang tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf , n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh h\u00e0i \u00edt l\u1ea5p l\u00e1nh h\u01a1n: m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1i t\u1eeb. S\u1ef1 hy sinh hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong nh\u1eefng th\u00f3i quen nh\u1ecf nh\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ta qu\u00ean m\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u2014 chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a nh\u1eefng \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng c\u0103n b\u1ebfp lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ecf l\u1eeda, n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed9i tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 “\u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n” ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c b\u1ebfp n\u00fac kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c. Ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea1 g\u00ec h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng xin l\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng, ngay c\u1ea3 khi h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu thi\u1ec7t th\u00f2i hay l\u00e0 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m “t\u00ednh n\u1eef” v\u00e0o trong nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi r\u0103n d\u1ea1y: l\u00e0m con g\u00e1i ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft m\u1ec1m m\u1ecfng, ph\u1ea3i nh\u00fan nh\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 t\u1eadn hi\u1ebfn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o cho gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ea1i sao l\u00f2ng t\u1ed1t l\u1ea1i bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng? T\u1ea1i sao s\u1ef1 hy sinh \u2013 v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n cao \u0111\u1eb9p, l\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n \u00e1n tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. C\u1ea4U TR\u00daC H\u00d3A GI\u1edaI T\u00cdNH: THA TH\u1ec2, M\u00d3N H\u00c0NG V\u00c0 BI\u1ec2U T\u01af\u1ee2NG C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1ee8C HI SINH<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    <\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    Trong \u201cThe second sex\u201d, Simone de Beauvoir \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t Tha th\u1ec3 (The other) d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ee5 quy\u1ec1n, n\u01a1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p [1]. Trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng m\u1eb7c nhi\u00ean chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed Ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 (The subject) \u2013 anh ta \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi quy chu\u1ea9n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed Tha th\u1ec3 (The other), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng chi\u1ebfm v\u1ecb tr\u00ed Ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 mang kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, c\u00f2n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n qua nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u00fd ngh\u0129a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 t\u1eadn t\u1ee5y, ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng v\u00e0 d\u00e2ng hi\u1ebfn. H\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ec3 tin r\u1eb1ng: h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y, s\u1ef1 hy sinh c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e3 h\u00f3a v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt v\u0103n h\u00f3a b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cthi\u00ean t\u00ednh\u201d hay\u201cb\u1ea3n n\u0103ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng t\u00ean g\u1ecdi m\u1ef9 mi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a \u00e1p b\u1ee9c, cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u00f3a m\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201ct\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ee9c hy sinh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1eb5n m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ee5 quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh Beauvoir \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng sinh ra l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef” [1]. Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00f4ng sinh ra \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m vai tr\u00f2 hy sinh, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ec3 mang nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t \u201cn\u1eef t\u00ednh\u201d n\u00e0y. X\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u201ct\u00ednh n\u1eef\u201d th\u00ec l\u00e0m sao ta bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201ct\u00ednh nam\u201d?\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Luce Irigaray trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u201cThis Sex Which Is Not One\u201d <\/em>c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y xa h\u01a1n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n t\u1ea7ng gi\u1edbi khi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nam gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a (commodity) [2]. S\u1ef1 hy sinh c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, l\u00fac n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee5 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa nam gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi nhau (homosociality), nam gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i, anh ta n\u1eafm gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp lu\u1eadt ch\u01a1i, s\u1edf h\u1eefu v\u00e0 l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. C\u00f2n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u00e0 V\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao \u0111\u1ed5i, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 v\u1eadt trung gian \u0111\u1ec3 nam gi\u1edbi thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c li\u00ean minh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00ec v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf do nam gi\u1edbi th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Trong nh\u1eefng li\u00ean minh h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c “chuy\u1ec3n giao” t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha sang ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nam gi\u1edbi. Th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nam gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n h\u00e0ng v\u00f4 tri, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u200e\u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Nh\u1eefng \u201cm\u00f3n h\u00e0ng\u201d – ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u00e0y, tuy v\u1eady, l\u1ea1i v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng b\u1ee9c thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi Ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i. Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00fap \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc nam gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 \u0111\u00e8n xanh th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 \u0111\u00e8n \u0111\u1ecf, s\u1ef1 hy sinh c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ee5 quy\u1ec1n. D\u00f9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 hy sinh v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ho\u1eb7c th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean, l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m\/thi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    S\u1ef1 hy sinh c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 “nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u” \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y ph\u1ee5 quy\u1ec1n v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef b\u1ecb k\u1eb9t gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4n th\u1edd, nh\u01b0ng trong c\u1ea3 hai h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u1ea5y, h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n c\u00f3 \u00fd ch\u00ed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    II. TH\u1eceA HI\u1ec6P NH\u01af M\u1ed8T CHI\u1ebeN L\u01af\u1ee2C SINH T\u1ed2N<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      <\/ol>\n\n\n\n

      Sau khi xem x\u00e9t v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t “tha th\u1ec3” hay m\u1ed9t “m\u00f3n h\u00e0ng”, ta c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: T\u1ea1i sao h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y v\u1eabn v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu thi\u1ec7t th\u00f2i? Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m “Patriarchal Bargain” (Th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn ph\u1ee5 quy\u1ec1n) c\u1ee7a Deniz Kandiyoti cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t l\u0103ng k\u00ednh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 s\u1ef1 hy sinh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh t\u1ed3n [3].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn ph\u1ee5 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3 m\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng, t\u1ed1i \u0111a h\u00f3a s\u1ef1 an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gia tr\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gia tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Kandiyoti \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp b\u1edfi nam gi\u1edbi, v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nam gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nam gi\u1edbi. Trong tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c nhau li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef nh\u1eefng \u201clu\u1eadt ch\u01a1i\u201d ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3, h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 trinh ti\u1ebft, ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 n\u1ed9i tr\u1ee3 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c, hay s\u1ef1 cam ch\u1ecbu tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, nh\u1eefng \u201clu\u1eadt ch\u01a1i\u201d n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng t\u0129nh t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 giao d\u1ecbch. Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 hi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 t\u1eadn t\u1ee5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch: quy \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf nhoi b\u00ean trong  tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee5 quy\u1ec1n. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng qu\u00e2n c\u1edd b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9ng, h\u1ecd c\u00f2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c tinh vi, nh\u1eefng \u201ck\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n ng\u1ea7m\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y v\u1eabn di\u1ec5n ra trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7. Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n khi b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn. Do thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3 lu\u00f4n mang t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng. Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7, s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ban ph\u00e1t. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thua thi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n khi h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf c\u00e1i t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      S\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t qua c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh gia tr\u01b0\u1edfng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khu v\u1ef1c ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u00e0 Trung \u0110\u00f4ng, khi s\u1ef1 trao \u0111\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5i d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef t\u1eeb b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba k\u1ebf gia s\u1ea3n h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a cha \u0111\u1ebb \u0111\u1ec3 “trao t\u1eb7ng” l\u1ea1i cho anh, em trai \u0111\u1ec3 hy v\u1ecdng nh\u1eadn l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 \u01b0u \u00e1i v\u00e0 n\u01a1i n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a t\u1eeb gia \u0111\u00ecnh n\u1ebfu cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n sau n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ee1. Hay \u1edf m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c, khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 to\u00e0n t\u00e2m l\u00e0m n\u1ed9i tr\u1ee3. H\u1ecd ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebfn m\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 cam k\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u201can to\u00e0n v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d t\u1eeb ph\u00eda nam gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee5 quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kim b\u00e0i mi\u1ec5n t\u1eed, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ri\u00eang trong quy tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef \u1edf b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ph\u1ee5 quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e9p k\u00edn. Khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u201ctu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 lu\u1eadt ch\u01a1i” \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y l\u1ee3i \u00edch, h\u1ecd v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh danh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee5 quy\u1ec1n. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra nguy c\u01a1 t\u00e1i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac gia tr\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh. C\u0169ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng \u201ck\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n ng\u1ea7m\u201d m\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1eb7t ra, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i nh\u1ecf l\u1ebb, s\u1ebd d\u1ea7n c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c duy tr\u00ec v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n sinh b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng. Vi\u1ec7c sa l\u1ea7y v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n \u00fd ch\u00ed ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng mang t\u00ednh t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 Khi s\u1ef1 an to\u00e0n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean, c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u00e1p b\u1ee9c tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t lu\u00f4n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 thay v\u00ec th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn n\u00e0y mang l\u1ea1i trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u00e1p b\u1ee9c, r\u1eb1ng: qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c chung gi\u00fap ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u00fd th\u1ee9c t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. Vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn ra nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng mang chung m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7i \u0111au ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 cho c\u00e1c di\u1ec5n ng\u00f4n ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng mang t\u00ednh b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc (identity-based movement). S\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng c\u1ea3nh ng\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u00f2i n\u1ed5 cho c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Th\u1ee9 hai, d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1ef1c di\u1ec7n, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ea7m l\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u1eabn trao quy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3i bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong, s\u1ea3n sinh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c m\u1ec1m (tuy \u00edt nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i). Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t, th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn ph\u1ee5 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 cung c\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 an to\u00e0n t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      III. PH\u00cdA SAU CHI\u1ebeC B\u00d3NG C\u1ee6A HAI TI\u1ebeNG G\u1eccI \u201cTHI\u00caN TH\u1ea6N\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      N\u0103m 1854, nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh Coventry Patmore \u0111\u00e3 cho ra \u0111\u1eddi b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u201cAngel in the house,\u201d g\u00e2y ti\u1ebfng vang l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u th\u1eddi Victoria d\u00e0nh cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Thi\u00ean th\u1ea7n s\u1ebd l\u00e0 ai n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o hay \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh? Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u201cthi\u00ean th\u1ea7n\u201d c\u0169ng v\u00ec l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3. N\u00e0ng, theo Patmore, ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u, ng\u1ecdt ng\u00e0o, d\u1ecbu d\u00e0ng v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh y\u00eau bao la, v\u1ecb tha v\u1edbi t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb, s\u00e1ng trong n\u01a1i t\u00e2m t\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0i m\u00f2n, bi\u1ebft nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00e2m t\u00ednh v\u00e0 h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng v\u00ec t\u1ed5 \u1ea5m. \u201cHo\u00e0n h\u1ea3o\u201d v\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh\u201d c\u1ee7a n\u00e0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c hy sinh \u2013 hy sinh c\u00e1i T\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n to\u1ea1i nguy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed9i tr\u1ee3 \u0111ang l\u00e0m tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea7y c\u00e1i ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a n\u00e0ng l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ch\u1ed3ng, con, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 t\u00ednh, tham v\u1ecdng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u00edch k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang n\u00e0ng. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, n\u00e0ng l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n to\u00e0n h\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u201cthi\u00ean th\u1ea7n\u201d t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb trong c\u0103n nh\u00e0, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 n\u00e0ng v\u1ed1n v\u00e0 v\u1eeba v\u1eb7n thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u200e\u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1eddi Victoria, n\u01a1i \u0111ang \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00f3ng m\u1eb7t gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n; \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ri\u00eang t\u01b0 trong \u201cc\u0103n nh\u00e0\u201d \u2013 kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ee7a n\u00e0ng – s\u1ebd l\u00e0 n\u01a1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u00fa \u1ea9n s\u1ef1 \u201cthu\u1ea7n khi\u1ebft\u201d c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh to\u00e0n nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. V\u00e0 n\u00e0ng, theo \u0111\u00f3, c\u0169ng mang trong m\u00ecnh tr\u1ecdng tr\u00e1ch nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. \u201cTrong ph\u00f2ng kh\u00e1ch, b\u00ean b\u00e0n tr\u00e0\u201d l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u1eb1m g\u1ecdn trong tay n\u00e0ng. Thi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a n\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e0 nh\u01b0 r\u1eeda b\u00e1t hay lau b\u00e0n, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c n\u1ed9i tr\u1ee3 ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t m\u1ecdi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c trong c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u2013 kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n v\u1ed1n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nam gi\u1edbi.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Song, ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean th\u1ea7n, \u201cHo\u00e0n h\u1ea3o\u201d v\u00e0 \u201c\u0110\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh\u201d \u1ea5y c\u1ee7a n\u00e0ng ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ed1 nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 c\u0103n t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao ph\u00f3 cho h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt v\u0103n h\u00f3a b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c? B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh h\u00f3a nh\u1eefng k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Victoria l\u00ean ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh, h\u1ee3p l\u00fd h\u00f3a vi\u1ec7c t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a n\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ef1 do, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp kinh t\u1ebf, \u00fd th\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c, v\u00e2n v\u00e2n. V\u00ec suy cho c\u00f9ng, thi\u00ean th\u1ea7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n hay \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng? Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, h\u00f3a ra b\u00f3ng d\u00e1ng thi\u00ean th\u1ea7n h\u00f3a ra c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00e0ng tr\u1ea7n t\u1ee5c, b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Virginia Woolf, n\u0103m 1931, t\u1eebng nh\u1eafc v\u1ec1 \u201cNh\u1eefng thi\u00ean th\u1ea7n t\u1ea1i gia\u201d nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng b\u00f3ng ma lu\u00f4n l\u1ea3ng v\u1ea3ng b\u00ean b\u00e0n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, th\u00ec th\u1ea7m nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ng\u1ecdt ng\u00e0o khuy\u00ean nh\u1ee7: h\u00e3y v\u1ecb tha, khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n, d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu v\u00e0 v\u00e2ng l\u1eddi. Trong th\u1eddi kh\u1eafc \u1ea5y, Woolf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi, r\u1eb1ng: \u201cC\u00f4 ta ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3 h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch x\u1eed s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n k\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nam t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean th\u1ea7n t\u1ea1i gia v\u1eabn s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4i th\u00ec th\u1ea7m b\u00ean tai c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn n\u1eef, d\u00f9 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1eddi n\u00e0o, b\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 ta \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, m\u1ed9t c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh t\u00e2m l\u00fd n\u00edu ch\u00e2n n\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khao kh\u00e1t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i n\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 s\u1ebd \u1ed5n th\u00f4i. N\u00e0ng bi\u1ebft v\u1eady. N\u1ebfu n\u00e0ng c\u00f2n tin v\u00e0 c\u00f2n d\u00e1m tin v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh n\u00e0ng. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      IV. K\u1ebeT<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb v\u1ecb th\u1ebf “tha th\u1ec3” c\u1ee7a Simone de Beauvoir \u0111\u1ebfn “m\u00f3n h\u00e0ng” trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a Luce Irigaray, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c “th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn ph\u1ee5 quy\u1ec1n” c\u1ee7a Deniz Kandiyoti, ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt tr\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5i: s\u1ef1 hy sinh c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n. Th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp tinh vi \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ee5 quy\u1ec1n. Khi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e3 h\u00f3a s\u1ef1 t\u1eadn hi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh “thi\u00ean t\u00ednh” hay “\u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh”, h\u1ecd \u0111ang v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh trung t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi xin l\u1ed7i b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng, nh\u1eefng k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n ng\u1ea7m trong c\u0103n b\u1ebfp hay s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u00e1n b\u00e0i b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng m\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i tham gia \u0111\u1ec3 sinh t\u1ed3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c n\u00e0o b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu thi\u1ec7t th\u00f2i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n cho s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c. S\u1ef1 hy sinh ch\u1ec9 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb khi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n n\u1ee3 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 cho c\u00e1i danh x\u01b0ng “ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef”. Vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng “th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn” v\u00e0 “khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu” n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn l\u00f2ng t\u1ed1t, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t \u2014 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a, t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng  b\u1ecb tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ee9c hy sinh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u200e\u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      T\u00c0I LI\u1ec6U THAM KH\u1ea2O:\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [1] Simone de Beauvoir (1949) The Second Sex<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [2] Luce Iragaray (1985) The Sex Which Is Not One<\/em><\/a>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [3] Deniz Kandiyoti (1988) Bargaining With Patriarchy<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u200e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u1ea7n Gia Linh<\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Trong t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eed t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ee9c hy sinh h\u1eb3n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00f4i \u0111\u1eadm v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 trang tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf , n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh h\u00e0i \u00edt l\u1ea5p l\u00e1nh h\u01a1n: m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1i t\u1eeb. […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":4836,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[71],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4835","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-women-culture-vfsa-vi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vnsfemaleassociation.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4835","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vnsfemaleassociation.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vnsfemaleassociation.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vnsfemaleassociation.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vnsfemaleassociation.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4835"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/vnsfemaleassociation.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4835\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4837,"href":"https:\/\/vnsfemaleassociation.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4835\/revisions\/4837"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vnsfemaleassociation.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4836"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vnsfemaleassociation.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4835"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vnsfemaleassociation.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4835"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vnsfemaleassociation.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4835"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}